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Step-by-step instructions for performing operations with Kubernetes.

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Cluster Management

This document describes several topics related to the lifecycle of a cluster: creating a new cluster, upgrading your cluster’s master and worker nodes, performing node maintenance (e.g. kernel upgrades), and upgrading the Kubernetes API version of a running cluster.

Creating and configuring a Cluster

To install Kubernetes on a set of machines, consult one of the existing Getting Started guides depending on your environment.

Upgrading a cluster

The current state of cluster upgrades is provider dependent, and some releases may require special care when upgrading. It is recommended that administrators consult both the release notes, as well as the version specific upgrade notes prior to upgrading their clusters.

Upgrading Google Compute Engine clusters

Google Compute Engine Open Source (GCE-OSS) support master upgrades by deleting and recreating the master, while maintaining the same Persistent Disk (PD) to ensure that data is retained across the upgrade.

Node upgrades for GCE use a Managed Instance Group, each node is sequentially destroyed and then recreated with new software. Any Pods that are running on that node need to be controlled by a Replication Controller, or manually re-created after the roll out.

Upgrades on open source Google Compute Engine (GCE) clusters are controlled by the cluster/gce/upgrade.sh script.

Get its usage by running cluster/gce/upgrade.sh -h.

For example, to upgrade just your master to a specific version (v1.0.2):

cluster/gce/upgrade.sh -M v1.0.2

Alternatively, to upgrade your entire cluster to the latest stable release:

cluster/gce/upgrade.sh release/stable

Upgrading Google Kubernetes Engine clusters

Google Kubernetes Engine automatically updates master components (e.g. kube-apiserver, kube-scheduler) to the latest version. It also handles upgrading the operating system and other components that the master runs on.

The node upgrade process is user-initiated and is described in the Google Kubernetes Engine documentation.

Upgrading clusters on other platforms

Different providers, and tools, will manage upgrades differently. It is recommended that you consult their main documentation regarding upgrades.

Resizing a cluster

If your cluster runs short on resources you can easily add more machines to it if your cluster is running in Node self-registration mode. If you’re using GCE or Google Kubernetes Engine it’s done by resizing Instance Group managing your Nodes. It can be accomplished by modifying number of instances on Compute > Compute Engine > Instance groups > your group > Edit group Google Cloud Console page or using gcloud CLI:

gcloud compute instance-groups managed resize kubernetes-minion-group --size=42 --zone=$ZONE

Instance Group will take care of putting appropriate image on new machines and start them, while Kubelet will register its Node with API server to make it available for scheduling. If you scale the instance group down, system will randomly choose Nodes to kill.

In other environments you may need to configure the machine yourself and tell the Kubelet on which machine API server is running.

Cluster autoscaling

If you are using GCE or Google Kubernetes Engine, you can configure your cluster so that it is automatically rescaled based on pod needs.

As described in Compute Resource, users can reserve how much CPU and memory is allocated to pods. This information is used by the Kubernetes scheduler to find a place to run the pod. If there is no node that has enough free capacity (or doesn’t match other pod requirements) then the pod has to wait until some pods are terminated or a new node is added.

Cluster autoscaler looks for the pods that cannot be scheduled and checks if adding a new node, similar to the other in the cluster, would help. If yes, then it resizes the cluster to accommodate the waiting pods.

Cluster autoscaler also scales down the cluster if it notices that one or more nodes are not needed anymore for an extended period of time (10min but it may change in the future).

Cluster autoscaler is configured per instance group (GCE) or node pool (Google Kubernetes Engine).

If you are using GCE then you can either enable it while creating a cluster with kube-up.sh script. To configure cluster autoscaler you have to set three environment variables:

Example:

KUBE_ENABLE_CLUSTER_AUTOSCALER=true KUBE_AUTOSCALER_MIN_NODES=3 KUBE_AUTOSCALER_MAX_NODES=10 NUM_NODES=5 ./cluster/kube-up.sh

On Google Kubernetes Engine you configure cluster autoscaler either on cluster creation or update or when creating a particular node pool (which you want to be autoscaled) by passing flags --enable-autoscaling --min-nodes and --max-nodes to the corresponding gcloud commands.

Examples:

gcloud container clusters create mytestcluster --zone=us-central1-b --enable-autoscaling --min-nodes=3 --max-nodes=10 --num-nodes=5

gcloud container clusters update mytestcluster --enable-autoscaling --min-nodes=1 --max-nodes=15

Cluster autoscaler expects that nodes have not been manually modified (e.g. by adding labels via kubectl) as those properties would not be propagated to the new nodes within the same instance group.

For more details about how the cluster autoscaler decides whether, when and how to scale a cluster, please refer to the FAQ documentation from the autoscaler project.

Maintenance on a Node

If you need to reboot a node (such as for a kernel upgrade, libc upgrade, hardware repair, etc.), and the downtime is brief, then when the Kubelet restarts, it will attempt to restart the pods scheduled to it. If the reboot takes longer (the default time is 5 minutes, controlled by --pod-eviction-timeout on the controller-manager), then the node controller will terminate the pods that are bound to the unavailable node. If there is a corresponding replica set (or replication controller), then a new copy of the pod will be started on a different node. So, in the case where all pods are replicated, upgrades can be done without special coordination, assuming that not all nodes will go down at the same time.

If you want more control over the upgrading process, you may use the following workflow:

Use kubectl drain to gracefully terminate all pods on the node while marking the node as unschedulable:

kubectl drain $NODENAME

This keeps new pods from landing on the node while you are trying to get them off.

For pods with a replica set, the pod will be replaced by a new pod which will be scheduled to a new node. Additionally, if the pod is part of a service, then clients will automatically be redirected to the new pod.

For pods with no replica set, you need to bring up a new copy of the pod, and assuming it is not part of a service, redirect clients to it.

Perform maintenance work on the node.

Make the node schedulable again:

kubectl uncordon $NODENAME

If you deleted the node’s VM instance and created a new one, then a new schedulable node resource will be created automatically (if you’re using a cloud provider that supports node discovery; currently this is only Google Compute Engine, not including CoreOS on Google Compute Engine using kube-register). See Node for more details.

Advanced Topics

Upgrading to a different API version

When a new API version is released, you may need to upgrade a cluster to support the new API version (e.g. switching from ‘v1’ to ‘v2’ when ‘v2’ is launched).

This is an infrequent event, but it requires careful management. There is a sequence of steps to upgrade to a new API version.

  1. Turn on the new API version.
  2. Upgrade the cluster’s storage to use the new version.
  3. Upgrade all config files. Identify users of the old API version endpoints.
  4. Update existing objects in the storage to new version by running cluster/update-storage-objects.sh.
  5. Turn off the old API version.

Turn on or off an API version for your cluster

Specific API versions can be turned on or off by passing --runtime-config=api/<version> flag while bringing up the API server. For example: to turn off v1 API, pass --runtime-config=api/v1=false. runtime-config also supports 2 special keys: api/all and api/legacy to control all and legacy APIs respectively. For example, for turning off all API versions except v1, pass --runtime-config=api/all=false,api/v1=true. For the purposes of these flags, legacy APIs are those APIs which have been explicitly deprecated (e.g. v1beta3).

Switching your cluster’s storage API version

The objects that are stored to disk for a cluster’s internal representation of the Kubernetes resources active in the cluster are written using a particular version of the API. When the supported API changes, these objects may need to be rewritten in the newer API. Failure to do this will eventually result in resources that are no longer decodable or usable by the Kubernetes API server.

KUBE_API_VERSIONS environment variable for the kube-apiserver binary which controls the API versions that are supported in the cluster. The first version in the list is used as the cluster’s storage version. Hence, to set a specific version as the storage version, bring it to the front of list of versions in the value of KUBE_API_VERSIONS. You need to restart the kube-apiserver binary for changes to this variable to take effect.

Switching your config files to a new API version

You can use kubectl convert command to convert config files between different API versions.

kubectl convert -f pod.yaml --output-version v1

For more options, please refer to the usage of kubectl convert command.

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